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2006同等学力申请硕士学位英语指南--写作(4)
[摘要]
(4)各段的主题句应相互照应。在以No Smoking为题的作文中，各段的主题句分别是：
Smoking is harmful.
Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around them.
Therefore,smoking is a bad habit.
(4)各段的主题句应相互照应。在以No Smoking为题的作文中，各段的主题句分别是：
Smoking is harmful.
Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around them.
Therefore,smoking is a bad habit.
第二段的主题句用not only，but also连接词语沟通了上下两段的内容。第三段的Therefore又起了承上启下的作用，使全篇融为一体。
(二)段落的展开
展开段落的方法有很多种，在这里我们仅介绍几种常用方法。
1.依据归纳法或演绎法进行论述
依据归纳法展开段落是指在段落中先引用具体事实或因由进行阐述或论说，进而得出结论。演绎法则是由一般推出特殊情况的结论。
下面这一段落是用归纳法展开的段落。最后一句是结论，也是主题句。
2.依据重要性展开段落
依据思想或事实或理由的重要性的先后次序进行论述，可以从次要至重要，也可以从重要至次重要。下面段落是以次重要至重要的方法进行论述的。作者首先指出(医生)对病人撒谎不仅对医生本人不好，也会伤害同事，进而会有损于整个医疗事业。
Lies also do harm to those who tell them:harm to their integrity and,in the long run,to their credibility.Lies hurt their colleagues as well.The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defen sive medicine",and thus it injures,in turn,the entire medical profession.
3.依据比较和对比法进行论述
一般地说，比较是指对事物的相同方面进行比较；对比是指对比事物的差异或不同方面。下面两段就采用了对比方法。这两段将口头英语与书面英语的不同方面作了比较，两段的观点都一一对应，比如：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal就是一对观点的对比。另外，两段之间用unlike oral Englsh承接，既让段落过渡自然，又使对比强烈。
First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor one’s language is and how strange and foreign one’s pronunciation is,it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.
Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively formal.It requires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what writers are getting at.In addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any changes.To avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly-constructed paragraphs.As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English.
4.依据时间的先后进行论述
依据时间的先后次序展开段落，就是完全按照事物实际发展的时间先后进行论述。如：下面两段就是以时间为序介绍鹿的生长过程。随着夏季一天天过去，又随着秋去冬来，鹿的新陈代谢也随着季节的推移而变化。
5.依据空间顺序展开段落
依据空间的次序进行论述应是有序地由远至近或由近至远，由上至下或由下至上对事物进行描写。下面的例子描写了一幅美丽宁静的夜景。作者先描写空中的月亮，再随洒向大地的月光写到湖四周随风摇曳的树枝，又由青蛙的叫声把读者引到了湖的中央，最后结尾讲：这是一个多么迷人的夜晚。这个段落文字简洁流畅，有序地按空间顺序由上写到下，由外写到里。读者可在平时的练习中注意模仿。
其它培训参考信息：
2006同等学力申请硕士学位英语指南--写作(3)
2006同等学力申请硕士学位英语指南--写作(2)
2006同等学力申请硕士学位英语指南--写作(1)
2006考试同等学力申硕英语指南--辨别改错(3)
2006考试同等学力申硕英语指南--辨别改错(2)
2006考试同等学力申硕英语指南--辨别改错(1)
2006年度--同等学力英语应试指南：完形一(2)
2006年度--同等学力英语应试指南：完形一(1)
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